Can your phone handle these consoles?

There are loads of brand new games on the Google Play Store and you can find plenty of retro titles too. But what if your favorite classics aren’t available on Google’s app store? That’s where emulators come in.

Emulators let you play console games from past generations on modern hardware, including smartphones. But how do you know what emulators on Android will run well on your phone? You can either go through the painstaking process of downloading the best emulators for Android and trying them out for yourself, or you can save some time and read on as we cover general hardware requirements for all the major gaming generations.

In creating this guide we spoke to some of the creators of the most popular emulators and tested them on various Android devices. We’re also only covering consoles from historically the biggest hardware makers in the business — Nintendo, Sega, and Sony.

Here’s everything you need to know about emulation on Android.

Read more: 15 best emulators for Android to play old favorites

Update, February 21, 2021: This guide has been updated to include Sega Saturn, Nintendo 3DS, and PS2 emulation tips.

8- and 16-bit era: NES, SNES, Sega Master System, Sega Genesis

We start off with perhaps the least intensive generation in the 8-bit consoles. The Nintendo Entertainment System (NES) and Sega Master System wholeheartedly embraced 2D visuals, which makes them a breeze to emulate on most modern smartphones. Even some Symbian phones can emulate these consoles.

As for system requirements, the popular Nostalgia.NES emulator only requires an Android 2.2 device, but it can make use of OpenGL ES for hardware-accelerated graphics.

The MasterGear emulator is one of the top choices for Master System emulation and creator Marat Fayzullin told Android Authority that it has no specific minimum requirements. In fact, Fayzullin says you only need Android 2.3 and a 640 x 480 display. In other words, you can certainly get away with single-core Cortex-A7 processor and 512MB RAM if you’ve got an old entry-level device or even an Android Go handset.

Read more: Best Sega Genesis emulators for Android | Best NES emulators for Android | Best NES emulators for Android

When the 16-bit systems (SNES and Sega Genesis) came around, we saw consoles that were still largely restricted to 2D visuals, but they also upped the ante with more colors, Mode 7 pseudo-3D effects, and faster gameplay. We also saw the first proper 3D games with polygonal graphics on these consoles, thanks to the likes of Star Fox.

One of the most popular emulators for this generation of consoles is Snes9X EX+, targeting the Super Nintendo platform. Its developer recommends a 1Ghz+ single-core device for best results, while also noting that older versions of the app are available for less capable devices. Nevertheless, pretty much every Android device on the market now offers a 1Ghz processor at the very least, so you should have no trouble running SNES games on your device.

Moving to the Sega Genesis (or Sega Mega Drive for those outside the US), MD.emu is one of the more popular Genesis emulators for Android and its team has successfully tested the emulator on older phones such as the Motorola Droid, Xperia Play, and Galaxy S2. The almost ten-year-old Droid only offered 256MB of RAM and a single-core Cortex-A8 chipset at launch. Virtually every modern Android phone exceeds these specs, so you should be good to go.

Portables go mainstream: Game Boy, Game Boy Color, Game Boy Advance

The original Game Boy arguably marked the first mainstream success for a portable console. Sure, it offered monochrome graphics when rivals delivered color visuals, but it didn’t chew through batteries quite as quickly as rival efforts. Nintendo’s 8-bit handheld was then succeeded by the Game Boy Color and the Game Boy Advance, with the latter being roughly as powerful as the SNES.

Much like the previous category, you can emulate these consoles on almost any Android device. John GBC and My OldBoy are two of the most noteworthy Game Boy emulators for Android, but neither developer lists hardware requirements. The My OldBoy app listing claims you can get 60fps on “very low-end devices” though, which bodes well for those with entry-level smartphones.

Read more: The best Game Boy Advance, Game Boy Color, and Game Boy emulators

Meanwhile, the developer behind John GBA calls for a 1Ghz dual-core chipset and 1GB of RAM, while the developer of the My Boy GBA emulator doesn’t list any specific requirements.

As long as your phone has at least 1GB of RAM then it exceeds the required specs for Game Boy and GBA emulation. Even aging devices should play these games at a decent clip.

The 3D era: N64, PS1, Saturn

In the late 1990s, the console gaming industry went all-in on systems that were purpose-built for 3D graphics. As a result, this is the first generation that’ll really start to tax the first crop of Android phones.

The team behind the paid ePSXe Sony PlayStation (PS1) emulator says your bare minimum requirements should be a 1Ghz single-core chipset and 256MB of RAM, but those wanting a smoother experience should aim for a dual-core 1.2Ghz chipset (with “good OpenGL support”) and 512MB of RAM — roughly in line with the cheapest Android Go phones.

Read more: The best PlayStation emulators for Android

Don’t fancy paying for an emulator? The free FPSe PS1 emulator runs smoothly on a Xiaomi Mi Box — a budget Android TV box with a quad-core Cortex-A53 chipset and 2GB of RAM. If you want smooth gameplay and some headroom to turn things up, think about a device with these specs or better.

There are relatively few Nintendo 64 emulators for Android, but Mupen64Plus FZ is arguably the top pick around. The emulator uses the Mupen64 backbone, much like several other N64 emulators on the Play Store. Mupen64Plus FZ developer Francisco Zurita told Android Authority that you’ll need Android 4.4 to download it, but what about actually running games?

“For a minimum I would recommend at least 1GB of RAM and the equivalent of a Qualcomm Snapdragon 410 in GPU/CPU performance. Some games, like Conker’s Bad Fur Day, may require a faster CPU (TLB emulation is slower),” Zurita adds.

PS1 and N64 emulation have modest requirements, but Saturn emulation is another story.

Sure enough, N64 emulation on a device with a quad-core Cortex-A53 chipset (and 2GB of RAM) is a very pleasant experience for many games. I was able to play the likes of Super Mario 64, Wave Race 64, and Mario Kart 64 at a higher resolution, with virtually no performance hit. True to Zurita’s words though, the likes of Conker’s Bad Fur Day require a bit more oomph to run at a good frame-rate.

Read more: The best N64 emulators for Android

The Sega Saturn is also part of this generation of consoles, and it’s a tricky beast to emulate in theory given its esoteric hardware. You see, Sega opted for two CPUs, serving as a crude forerunner of sorts to multi-core CPUs seen much later. The leading Saturn emulator on Android is Yaba Sanshiro 2, which is actually based on the Yabause emulator for desktop machines.

Yaba Sanshiro 2’s developer tells us that the emulator’s primary targets were the Nvidia Shield TV (the 2015 original version) and the Snapdragon 855 processor. But the developer says a device with a chipset like the Amlogic S922X is the minimum requirement. This TV box chipset has a hexa-core CPU (four Cortex-A73, two Cortex-A53) and a Mali-G52 MP4 GPU. Today’s mid-range processors should deliver better GPUs and improved single-core CPU performance.

We tried out the Saturn emulator on the LG V60 (featuring a Snapdragon 865 SoC), running Sega Rally Championship, Nights, Panzer Dragoon, Sonic 3D Blast, and Sonic R. These all ran well on the 2020 flagship, although the former title had some minor glitches otherwise that didn’t impact gameplay or performance. What happens if you step down to a Snapdragon 660 device though? Fortunately, our Vivo V11 Pro unit managed to handle all of these games just fine, showing that even Snapdragon 600-series phones can run Saturn titles.

We start to see a major impact on performance when we step down even further to the Snapdragon 450-toting Redmi 5, as Sega Rally Championship becomes a slow-motion affair. Panzer Dragoon also sees noticeably worse performance, but it still manages to be playable. The rest of the tested games ran just fine.

Another important consideration is storage space, especially for PS1 and Saturn games that use CD-based storage. You should ideally have a phone with 16GB of storage at the minimum if you plan to play several PlayStation and Saturn titles. You could also go down to 8GB of internal storage and store your ROMs on a microSD card. Nintendo 64 games, on the other hand, top out at 64MB.

Portable evolved: Nintendo DS and Sony PSP

The Nintendo DS and PSP have seen an explosion in emulator interest on Android over the past five years. The DS might be less powerful than Sony’s handheld, but both consoles have their fair share of killer titles.

The most popular DS emulator is paid app DraStic and the developer actually has a comprehensive system requirements guide on its forum. More specifically you need an Armv7a processor or better (basically anything other than ancient Cortex-A5 CPU cores), 256MB of RAM or better, a 480 x 320 display or higher, and Android 2.3 at the very least. The team recommends a quad-core CPU if you plan to run games beyond native resolution.

True to form, DraStic runs well on a device packing a budget quad-core processor, with the likes of Mario Kart DS and Mario and Luigi: Partners in Time running well with high-resolution rendering enabled.

Read more: The best PSP emulators for Android | The best Nintendo DS emulators for Android

Meanwhile, PPSSPP is undoubtedly one of the most popular emulators for Android and doesn’t seem to have a fixed spec sheet for requirements. An aging hardware guide on the official website specifically suggests the Nexus 5 and Nexus 6, as well as the Galaxy S series. However, founder Henrik Rydgard notes that pretty much any recent smartphone should be able to run the emulator.

“The absolute minimal hardware requirements are so small these days that they’re not worth mentioning. Any device out there should be able to run PPSSPP to some degree, even if the more heavy games will run slow,” Rydgard noted on the project’s GitHub page.

God of War: Chains of Olympus is one of the most technically demanding PSP titles to emulate. Nevertheless, our testing found it runs at a mostly smooth, very playable pace on the Snapdragon 660-equipped Vivo V11 Pro (at 2x resolution), and was mostly playable on the Snapdragon 450-toting Xiaomi Redmi 5 at the PSP’s native resolution.

Demanding games like God of War: Chains of Olympus and Wipeout Pure perform poorly on low-end smartphones (quad-core Cortex-A53 devices and below) without severe resolution adjustments and other tweaks. However, less demanding titles still deliver a mostly smooth experience once you start fiddling with basic settings.

Frame skipping is one handy tweak that’s available on both PPSSPP and DraStic. This option can make a big difference to playability, especially on lower-end devices that might be on the cusp of smooth performance.

Much like the Nintendo 64 vs PlayStation, Nintendo DS games are much smaller than PSP titles. MicroSD expansion or lots of internal storage is a must if you plan to play several PSP games then.

DS on steroids: Nintendo 3DS

Believe it or not, but in the time since we originally published this guide in early 2019, a polished Nintendo 3DS emulator for Android was released. Citra originated on PCs but was officially ported to Android in mid-2020, and it manages to offer compatibility with a wide variety of titles and great performance (if you’ve got a recent flagship or mid-ranger).

Speaking of performance, the team recommends a device with a Snapdragon 835 processor or better, Android Oreo or higher, and OpenGL ES 3.2. For what it’s worth, the developer previously stated that Exynos chipsets don’t work, while several user comments also noted that MediaTek-powered phones like the Redmi Note 8 Pro experienced difficulties.

As for real-world performance, our own C Scott Brown tested Citra on the Galaxy S20 Ultra, finding that titles like Super Mario 3D Land and Captain Toad varied from borderline playable to outright unplayable. Fortunately, Yoshi’s Woolly World and The Legend of Zelda: A Link Between Worlds ran at playable speeds.

I personally tested Pokemon X, Animal Crossing New Leaf, and Super Mario 3D Land. The LG V60 managed to power through most of these titles at perfectly good frame rates. However, Kirby’s Extra Epic Yarn was prone to stutter and slowdown now and again. Super Mario 3D Land was also sullied by stutter often enough that it made gameplay a little annoying.

More reading: Everything you need to know about Citra 3DS emulator on Android

We also tested the Snapdragon 660-toting Vivo V11 Pro, and it ran Pokemon X at borderline-playable speeds (with frame-rates varying between the high teens and twenties). Kirby’s Extra Epic Yarn simply had too many major frame-drops and stuttering moments to be an enjoyable experience. Super Mario 3D Land ran in slow motion (although not quite a slideshow) and had plenty of stutter too. Animal Crossing definitely ran at a faster pace than both Kirby and Mario, but again, you’re looking at stutters every few seconds. Fortunately, the nature of the game means that stutters aren’t as detrimental to the experience.

Hoping to emulate 3DS titles on a low-end smartphone (e.g. Snapdragon 450, Snapdragon 625)? We installed the emulator on the Xiaomi Redmi 5, and all of the above titles failed to get into gameplay at all.

In other words, this is arguably the first handheld console emulator that requires a recent mid-range or flagship device for good results across the board. Got a low-end/entry-level smartphone? Unfortunately, you’ll need to upgrade to play anything at a decent frame-rate (or play them at all).

3DS games also generally vary from a few hundred megabytes all the way up to roughly 3GB, so you’ll want to free up some space or (if possible) use a microSD card if you’ve got 8GB or 16GB of internal storage.

The cult classic: Sega Dreamcast

Believe it or not, there’s a Sega Dreamcast emulator on the Play Store, dubbed Reicast. Sega’s final console played host to some eclectic titles, such as Crazy Taxi, the Shenmue series, and Jet Set Radio.

The Play Store page lists requirements of a 1.2Ghz dual-core Cortex-A9 chipset, a Tegra K1, Mali 400 or an unnamed Adreno GPU, and at least 512MB of RAM. Sega’s console also used GD-ROM discs (with some games coming in at roughly 1GB), so plenty of storage is a must here too.

These system requirements are pretty tame compared to other consoles from the same era. You should theoretically be able to play these titles on recent budget-minded octa-core phones, but what about going even lower?

Metropolis Street Racer and Daytona USA delivered a mostly smooth frame-rate on a device with a quad-core chipset (Cortex-A53). Meanwhile, Soul Calibur also offered playable performance, but saw numerous graphical glitches. MDK2 was another title we briefly tested and it was quite smooth, although the emulator didn’t detect my Xbox controller’s shoulder triggers for some reason.

These results bode well if you’ve got a budget device, showing that you don’t need a recent mid-range or flagship phone to enjoy emulation of more advanced 3D fare.

Diving deep into 3D: Nintendo GameCube and Wii

Easily one of the most technically demanding emulators for Android, Dolphin brings GameCube and Wii games to smartphones, and it’s come a long way since its initial release in 2013.

The emulator has some significant system requirements in order to run it at a playable pace. The development team notes that the emulator requires a 64-bit processor and Android Lollipop, but that’s not all you need.

When we first published this article back in 2019, resident emulation addict Adam Sinicki noted that a Snapdragon 835 wouldn’t cut the mustard for the most demanding GameCube titles. Instead, Adam said you should look at the Snapdragon 855 if you want a smooth frame-rate in advanced titles, saying that the Xiaomi Mi 9 was the first phone to play the likes of Metroid Prime at a consistently smooth clip. He added that Snapdragon 845 phones should deliver good performance in some games too.

Fast-forward to 2021 and the Snapdragon 865 and Snapdragon 888 are available in flagship phones today, so you should have plenty of power for GameCube and Wii emulation, right?

GameCube and Wii emulation is pretty mature on smartphones, but you’ll still want a recent high-end phone for advanced titles.

We tried out Metroid Prime, Legend of Zelda: The Wind Waker, F-Zero GX, and WWE: Day of Reckoning 2 on the Snapdragon 865-toting LG V60 and they generally ran at a very smooth pace with only occasional deviations from their target frame rates. So those hoping to play GameCube titles on the go will want to consider a recent flagship like this.

Just don’t expect to play much, if anything, if your phone only has an octa-core Cortex-A53 chipset (e.g. Snapdragon 625, Snapdragon 450, Helio P22, Kirin 659). I tried out Metroid Prime on the Redmi 5 (Snapdragon 450) and frame-rates dropped to the mid to low teens, or even single digits every now and again. Results were slightly better for Mario Kart: Double Dash, which generally hit 20fps for the most part (with occasional drops to 15fps), but you’re still looking at a slow-motion affair.

Fortunately, recent mid-range and budget chipsets have progressed fairly well, featuring improved graphics and heavy-lifting CPU cores. Even Snapdragon 660-era phones like the Vivo V11 Pro are able to play some titles, but you might want to stay away from demanding games like Metroid Prime and F-Zero GX.

It’s also worth noting that Qualcomm chipsets have a reputation for much better performance than Exynos, MediaTek and Kirin SoCs. This is apparently due to Qualcomm’s better driver support and the beefy GPUs too.

An Emotion Engine in your phone: Sony PlayStation 2

Are PS2 emulators the most impressive feat in Android smartphone emulation right now? It’s certainly up there with that sketchy Switch emulator. While Microsoft used what was essentially off-the-shelf PC parts for the original Xbox and Nintendo’s GameCube had well-documented hardware that was easy to program for, Sony’s PS2 had exotic custom hardware that made game development difficult.

So color us surprised when the DamonPS2 emulator launched on the Google Play Store, and it runs games too. Unfortunately, the developer stole plenty of code from the open-source PCSX2 emulator and refuses to release the code as per the requisite GNU license. Furthermore, the emulator doesn’t let you play offline, and reportedly limits you to two devices. It’s also worth noting that the app requires some permissions like your location and also requests camera permission (why?).

Another notable downside to DamonPS2 is that the free version uses a coin-based system for actually starting up games. You don’t get a daily allotment of coins either, so you’ll be forced to watch ads to earn coins before starting a game. But you’re forced to watch ads after exiting a game or when starting up the app too. Or when resuming the app after multitasking. And none of these ads dish out free coins. Even gamepad support is locked behind a paywall.

Related: Asus ROG Phone 3 emulator tests — Can it play these advanced emulators?

If you don’t mind the downsides to DamonPS2 (and there are clearly plenty), then it offers a solid list of supported titles and the best performance out of any PS2 emulator on Android. The team previously recommended a Snapdragon 660 processor as the bare minimum, but you’ll still want a recent flagship phone.

Our own C Scott Brown tried out DamonPS2 on the Snapdragon 865 Plus-toting ROG Phone 3 (seen above). He tested God of War and Shadow of the Colossus, finding that the former delivered great performance while the latter was playable too.

I installed the free version of DamonPS2 on the LG V60 and Vivo V11 Pro. We tested Mega Man X Collection, Fire Pro Returns, Metal Slug Anthology, Shadow of the Colossus, Ace Combat 4, Gran Turismo 4, Timesplitters 2, and Burnout 3 Takedown. Unfortunately, only the first four titles were actually playable, with the rest failing to boot, running too slowly, or just having severe glitches.

Meanwhile, the budget Vivo device delivered playable results in 2D titles like Fire Pro Returns, Metal Slug Anthology, and Mega Man X Collection but generally unplayable results in the 3D titles.

Fortunately, there is an alternative PS2 emulator for Android on the Play Store dubbed Play! (exclamation mark included). Support is still very spotty at present, but the developer has been making solid progress and, no, it isn’t sketchy like DamonPS2. So what kind of hardware do you need for this emulator? We asked Play developer Jean-Philip Desjardins.

“I would say users would need something like a Snapdragon 855 SoC to get performance that allows 3D games to be played decently, although some less demanding games (2D games) should work fine on earlier phone models,” Desjardins told us.

We used a flagship LG V60 and 2018-era mid-range Vivo V11 Pro, testing Fire Pro Returns, Mega Man X Collection, Katamari Damacy, God Hand, Ace Combat 4, Metal Slug Anthology, WWE Smackdown: Here Comes The Pain, Burnout 3: Takedown, Tony Hawk’s Underground, Gran Turismo 4, and Shadow of the Colossus in Play. We found that only the first four titles offered playable or somewhat playable speeds, while the rest were either too slow, failed to enter gameplay, refused to boot, or had severe graphical glitches that seriously impaired gameplay.

PS5 buyer’s guide: All you need to know about Sony’s PlayStation 5

We had worse luck with the Snapdragon 660-toting Vivo V11 Pro as even most of the 2D titles weren’t playable. But we saw borderline playable results with titles like Mega Man X Collection. For what it’s worth, we found that some of these games ran poorly here but fine on DamonPS2, such as Fire Pro Returns and Metal Slug Anthology. Some titles also got a little closer to being playable on the other emulator, such as Ace Combat 4 (actually running in-game), but still didn’t quite manage playable performance.

Either way, the performance and compatibility advantage gained by DamonPS2 is basically undone by the extremely questionable user experience (not to mention stealing code and not releasing it as per the license). So here’s hoping the Play emulator comes on leaps and bounds, as it’s a far more pleasant user experience.

Emulators for Android guide: Final tips

You can emulate pretty much anything up to and including the Dreamcast and Nintendo DS if you’ve got a budget quad-core smartphone or Android Go device. Many PSP games can be emulated on cheap quad-core hardware too, but the most demanding PSP titles require powerful cores and mid-range or higher GPUs.

On the other end of the spectrum, PS2 emulators are generally reserved for mostly recent flagships only. So those hoping to play their backed-up retro titles on the go might be disappointed if they have a mid-range or budget phone.

While your overall experience will inevitably hinge on your phone’s hardware, there are a few other quick tips that might help if you’re struggling with emulators for Android.

Many emulators offer a variety of options to eke out better performance or tweak the graphics. Whether you’re tweaking the resolution, toggling specific hacks, activating frame-skipping, or simply changing the graphics plugin or renderer, these options can yield dramatic improvements.

There are several workarounds and solutions if a desired game isn’t working on your device.

Another thing to remember about emulators is that performance can vary by game. All isn’t lost if you tried a title and it doesn’t run well at all, as a few other games might actually be playable.

Keep in mind that different emulators have different priorities too. One emulator might forego accuracy in favor of speed, resulting in low system requirements, but another emulator might make accuracy a priority, but this usually requires faster hardware. It doesn’t hurt to try out different emulators either if there are several good ones around.

See also: The best phones for gaming

You should also remember that some games are available on more than one platform. So if you have trouble running a title on a PS2 emulator, for example, try using a GameCube emulator if that game is available on Nintendo’s console too.

The above-mentioned tip is also handy if you’re running low on storage, as GameCube and N64 ports were usually smaller in size than their PS2 and PS1 counterparts. But N64 versions of PS1 games usually tended to skimp on cut-scenes and audio in order to fit onto a cartridge.

Finally, if you’re in the market for an upgrade, you’ll generally want to buy a phone powered by a Qualcomm Snapdragon processor if you plan to run emulators. Snapdragon chipsets are powered by Adreno GPUs and they’re the most powerful GPUs in the flagship tier, but they’re pretty capable in the mid-range too. These GPUs also tend to offer good driver support too, resulting in fewer bugs in emulators than processors with Arm’s Mali graphics.

Nvidia’s Tegra chipsets are considered the top dog for driver support though, but these processors are only found inside the Shield TV Android boxes. Furthermore, the chips are no longer on the cutting-edge compared to recent Snapdragon processors, so advanced console emulation will be a problem. You should also know that the 2019 Shield TV Tube streaming device doesn’t run the Dolphin GameCube emulator, owing to the device running a 32-bit version of Android.

What’s your favorite emulator on Android? Do you have any emulation tricks and tips to share? Let us know in the comments!